Continuous acceleration and complication of scientific and technological development requires continuous improvement of forecasting and planning methodologies. The purpose of this article is to describe patterns of technological modes (TM) substitution and the basics of centralized and decentralized management of these processes. The article describes the structure of the 6th technological mode, justifies the selection of product positions that give an idea of its global development and the Russian development lag. Difficulties arising from the study of scientific and technological development are identified. The basics of technological statistical data collection and methodologies for plotting diffusion curves and measuring Russian development lag from leading countries in the world are presented. A study of the presence of 6th mode companies and research and development teams has shown that all technologies of the 6th mode are represented in Russia. In accordance with the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of Russia, some recommendations for accelerating scientific and technological growth in Russia are presented. Despite the existing significant lag in scientific and technological advancement in Russia, the implementation of these recommendations, as well as similar interconnected and networked initiatives, will allow Russia to gain a competitive advantage in global scientific and technological development, with medicine playing a central role in the economy based on future nature-like technologies.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the existing indicators of digital maturity that are used to assess the level of digital transformation in an enterprise, a group of enterprises, or sectors of the economy. It also aims to assess the possibility of using these indicators and determine the optimal model, index, or system that can be recommended for industrial enterprises. The article presents domestic and foreign approaches to understanding the terms “digital transformation” and “digital maturity”. The author's interpretation of these concepts is presented, as well as the government initiatives that currently exist in the Russian Federation to diagnose the level of digital maturity and manage the digital transformation process. The national strategy and policy for the digital transformation of industry are described, along with the mechanism for implementing them. A number of modern approaches to assessing digital maturity have been evaluated: the consulting companies Ernst & Young and Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, the MIT Center for Digital Business, and the World Economic Forum. This paper presents models for assessing the digital maturity of companies and industries, describing the main structural elements of these models, and characterizing the prospects for their practical application by Russian industry. Special attention is paid to the World Economic Forum's digital maturity assessment model, SIRI.

Analysis of government regulation in the academic sphere during the USSR period is a highly relevant research area. Such studies are instrumental in elucidating both the positive and negative aspects of the Soviet scientific model. In this study, the author sets out to identify the main patterns of the transition towards directive planning of academic science in the RSFSR/USSR in the 1920s‑1930s. In the context of such transformation of Soviet academic science, it is important to consider not only the institutional decisions of the authorities but also the underpinning socio‑psychological and ideological motives. These factors significantly influenced the functioning of the scientific community. An interdisciplinary approach was used to achieve the research objectives. The study lies at the intersection of several related research areas: the history of science, science studies, and the history of economics. The research methodology employed comparative‑historical, historical‑cultural, and statistical methods to identify significant patterns of the phenomenon under investigation. Methodologically, this approach aligns closely with source studies and semiotic analysis. Such concepts as ‘scientist’, ‘thematic plan’, ‘thematic development’, and ‘research plant’ emerged and became institutionalised within the paradigm of directive planning of basic science. These concepts form a contextual layer of understanding. The ideologists of this system conceived the planning of basic science as a product of the industrial world. However, paradoxically, the ideology and methodology of directive planning, when imposed on theoretical science, yielded the opposite results. These included epistemological apathy among scientists and the reduction, if not extinction, of vast areas of research activity. The attempt of the government to adapt basic science to addressing strictly applied problems of industrialisation ultimately resulted in a mere semblance of ‘planned science’. Nevertheless, the internal compensation mechanisms of self‑organisation within the scientific community proved to be quite effective in the long run, even under the constraints of directive planning. The historical analysis conducted allowed the author to draw significant conclusions relevant to the formation of Russian scientific policy at its present stage.

From the perspective of small and medium-sized innovative biomedical enterprises, this study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the corporate financing capacity during the equity financing process, aiming to provide valuable insights for the successful implementation of equity financing. The study involved the distribution of a total of 400 questionnaires to Chinese venture capital institutions and SMEs of innovative drug R&D, followed by statistical analysis of the questionnaire data results. In light of the challenges faced by these enterprises during the equity financing process, such as inadequate attention to financing business plans, neglect of financing roadshows, insufficient financing expertise, reliance on single financing approaches or channels, lack of meticulous capital partner selection and enterprises raise capital prematurely, this study proposes several countermeasures. These include prioritizing the financing business plan, emphasizing the importance of the financing roadshows, adopting a diversified financing approach, and objectively determining the optimal entry point for the financing stage. Venture capital can effectively address the financing bottleneck faced by small and medium-sized innovative biomedical enterprises, thereby serving as the optimal financing channel. Not only that, but also can effectively address the bottleneck issues associated with equity financing for small and medium-sized innovative biomedical enterprises and play a pivotal role in the field of innovative drug research and development (R&D). By fostering the development of more efficient novel drugs, it can significantly contribute to the robust growth of China's biomedical industry.

Introduction: due to the current geopolitical situation, the results of scientific research must go far beyond the fundamental level and find application in the real sector of the economy. This is a key vector of the national scientific and technological policy, justified by the urgent need for import-substituting technologies that have emerged as a result of the global crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic and sanctions pressure. The research focuses on analyzing the development of scientific and scientific-technical projects after they have received state support. Objectives: to analyze the experience of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Fund of Science and Technology Support in monitoring the projects' relevance. Methods: post-project monitoring, continuous questionnaires, statistical and graphical analysis, and system analysis. Results: an analysis of the development of projects that received state support, conducted using post-project monitoring, showed that 8% of the total number of respondents commercialized the results of their projects, 37% introduced their results into socio-economic turnover in organizations operating in the Krasnoyarsk Krai. Conclusions: more than a third of all projects supported by the Krasnoyarsk Regional Fund of Science and Technology Support have received some form of further development or practical application in one form or another, which exceeds the average statistical data provided in other studies. However, there is still a need to increase the level of commercialization of scientific projects' outputs. The authors proposed a number of measures to achieve this goal.