The study is aimed at identifying the essential drivers, conditions and factors of harmonious scientific and technological development of the economy. The goal is to deepen the concept of moral economics of the academician D. S. Lvov by substantiating the regulatory function of morality and the principles derived from it in the interactions of subjects of the socio-economic system to develop the economy through the scientific and technological way. The results and conclusions from the works of Academician D.S. Lvov are used, as well as the methodology of system analysis and synthesis of the economy, the related postulates of the system economic theory and system economic paradigm of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences G. B. Kleiner. With the example of the tetrad model, it is shown how the failure of society to receive the resources needed to meet human physical, intellectual, and spiritual needs causes, through the contour of recursive linkages, the failure of as itself as other sectors to receive the resources all they need to implement functions in the system. By studying the connections and interactions between the sectors of the macro-system through the view of the moral economy concept, the author’s hypothesis is confirmed that morality, a basic attribute of the social life of society, is a regulator in the mechanism of feedback between the social sector and the economy, society and the state, and on this basis serves the self-organization and self-development of the macro-system. Such results clarify the principle of action of the fundamental postulate of the theory of moral economy of D. S. Lvov about the leading role of society in the macro-system, in the opposite the policy of the reforms as they have been carried out. The conclusions include the imperative of a system approach to human development, an emphasis on humanitarian aspects in solving the problems of technological sovereignty.

The paper considers the factors of development of the high-tech sector in order to achieve technological sovereignty of the country. The purpose of the work is to analyze the state of sustainability of the high-tech sector as the basis for technological independence. The research methodology consists of methods of nonlinear dynamics, structural analysis, methods of financial and economic analysis. Based on this methodology, which can be considered a general result, the study proves that it is the sustainable development of large high-tech organizations producing science-intensive products that becomes the basis for achieving technological independence. Thus, the expansion of activities to create innovative products, to a greater extent, occurs due to internal financing, however, using borrowed funds at a high interest rate, organizations lose economic stability, which slows down the process of import substitution. This aspect, identified in the study using phase portraits describing the sustainability of companies, leads to the need to change the current conditions for the development of the high-tech sector in Russia. Also, the share of high-tech products in the total volume of industrial production remains low. Elimination of a number of economic imbalances will contribute to the process of formation of technological autonomy. The main factors and conditions for the formation of the country’s technological sovereignty in the modern conditions of import substitution of high-tech products are identified.

The article considers the features of formation and provision of technological sovereignty both at the general methodological level and its application to the machine-tool industry. The analysis of the development of the machine-tool industry and its economic indicators of the state and development is given. The analysis of the content and essence of obtaining and forming statistical data, their reliability and objectivity, as well as the conditions for the manifestation of their degree of uncertainty in assessing technological independence is given. The purpose of this study is a methodological review and justification, based on existing and accessible sources of statistical data, their sufficiency to ensure the objectivity and reliability of the system of indicators for assessing the level of technological independence using the example of the machine-tool industry. The methodology of system analysis makes it possible to justify and measure the parameters under consideration, and the methods of structural analysis to identify the connections between them and give an assessment. All this made it possible to give reasonable conclusions and proposals on the methodology for considering technological sovereignty

The objective of the study is to determine the development strategies of green integration actors, the implementation of which will ensure an increase in green added value and will solve the problems of scientific and technical policy in terms of consumption optimization, resource allocation and development of business processes to obtain green products. The analysis of the resource-based approach to green integration management allowed us to establish that its key concepts are green product and mental maturity. It is proposed to consider the presence or absence of a green product and mental maturity as one of the criteria for identifying development strategies of enterprises implementing green projects. The article applies scenario modeling methods to determine possible development strategies for participants. Six types of actor development strategies are proposed based on the combination of innovative and competitive strategies. Green added value is considered as a strategic benchmark, and the indicator of the effectiveness of strategizing is the increase in value. It is from these positions that the actors’ strategies in the building materials production industry of the Central Economic Region of the Russian Federation are defined and substantiated for each role of actors. The results of the study can be applied in scenario modeling in terms of developing regional and industry development strategies.

This article examines the problem of innovative development of rural areas in Russia in the context of labor shortages in the agro-industrial sector of the economy. The aim of the study is to identify institutional and socio-economic factors contributing to the decline of human capital in the agricultural sector and to analyze the impact of these factors on the innovative development of the rural economy. Particular attention is given to the issues of attracting and retaining young professionals. The information base of the study included data from Rosstat, regional studies, and survey results from students, graduates, and young specialists residing in rural areas. It is shown that the key reasons for the “brain drain” from rural agricultural territories are the low quality of infrastructure in small towns and villages, insufficient incentives to relocate to rural areas, and the limited effectiveness of employment programs and initiatives promoting life in rural and remote regions. As directions for transforming human resource policies in the rural economy, which should be prioritized by federal and regional authorities, the study highlights the improvement of the targeted education system, the updating of educational and professional development programs in accordance with the current scientific and technological level of the sector, the development of partnerships between research organizations and agro-enterprises, and the creation of a system to support rural entrepreneurship. The results obtained can be used to inform the development of federal and regional strategies for sustainable development and enhancement of human capital in the rural economy.

The proliferation of global university rankings as a tool for research assessment demands critical examination, given the growing volume of methodological criticism and their potentially detrimental impact on academic systems. The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the inherent problems of rankings and to evaluate current alternatives within the context of shaping science and technology policy. Based on a systematic review of English- and Russian- language academic and grey sources, persistent methodological shortcomings were identified: insufficient transparency of calculation algorithms, limited applicability of bibliometric data for assessing social sciences and humanities (SSH), subjectivity of weighting coefficients in composite indices, and an inability to adequately reflect the quality of the educational processes and managerial efficiency. It was established that rankings relying on a composite indices are fundamentally unsuitable for evaluating organizations due to inherent methodological limitations; rankings without such a composite indicator, based on transparent and reproducible methodology with open access to source data, can be used analytically provided there is strict consideration of the limitations inherent in quantitative metrics. The expediency of transitioning to mission-driven assessment models was substantiated. The significance of the study lies in developing a scientifically grounded position relevant to reforming research assessment systems in Russia and BRICS countries, and in providing arguments for integrating science of science approaches into the practice of science and technology forecasting and governance.