The study aims to identify the reasons for the inefficiency of research and development (R&D) in Russia. It is guided by the principles of system economic theory, developed at the Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The study presents empirical data to demonstrate the significant impact of three main sources of R&D inefficiency: 1. The diverse structure of the Russian economy, which divides the science sector according to various characteristics, leads to low internal demand for domestic research and innovation. 2. The poor institutional quality of governance and dysfunctional governance systems, including regulatory instruments, income distribution, and criteria for evaluating scientific output, result in structural economic, scientific, and educational policies that are ineffective, leading to decreased motivation and reduced potential for science.3. The negative impact of the science sector, researchers, and the educational community on the socio-economic system is due to their depletion during periods of reform and their economic and institutional dependence on authorities, state policies, and recognition of researcher labor value. These three factors are closely related and contribute to the continued reproduction of problems, both in the creation of knowledge and its transfer to the economy. There is an ambiguity in the understanding of the term “efficiency of science” and the methods used to measure it, which prevents comparative analysis and decision-making to motivate actors. When discussing the fundamental factors of innovation activity efficiency, three pillars are identified: demand, the potential of science, and human potential, as well as qualified public administration. The direct and indirect connections between innovation activities and their impact on efficiency are discussed. A flexible approach to combining three different types of innovation models is recommended – linear, project-based, and ecosystem – as all three models rely on the same principles for achieving the best results in R&D and innovation.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between teaching modern political economy and qualitative renewal of economic education. To achieve this goal, we employ a system approach, subjective approach, institutional approach, and other general scientific methods and principles of cognition. The overall result of the study suggests that the creation of a positive national identity for Belarus is only possible through the implementation of modern political economy principles, which has led to the introduction of political economy as an academic discipline. However, this transition also highlighted the need to address several methodological challenges. First of all, it is necessary to visualize information in order to form a holistic picture of events occurring in Belarusian society and the world, influenced by internal political and economic factors, as well as the transformation of the global socio-economic environment and the modern world order. This helps to develop critical thinking and master the skills of analysing and assessing political and economic situation. It also enables making informed decisions in professional activities, as well as conscious choice of models of political and economic behavior in everyday life. The authoritative Belarusian Economic School is capable of fulfilling this important task. 

Today, a business ecosystem has become a model that maximizes profits by creating a pool of key stakeholders and strengthening its position in the innovative economy. The authors believe that one of the ways to determine the order of stakeholder interactions in a business ecosystem based on digital platforms is assessment of the transaction costs associated with these interactions. The purpose of this study is to develop an algorithm for adjusting the institutional support structure of a business ecosystem in order to rationalize transaction costs and ensure the ecosystem growth. The neo-institutional approach and the theory of transaction costs were chosen as research methodologies, on the basis of which the findings obtained from the analysis were supported and adapted to the determinants of business ecosystem structures. This study presents a causal model of the relationship between transaction costs and interactions within a platform-based ecosystem. As a result, the authors have developed an algorithm that aims to create a pool of stakeholders in the business ecosystem in order to achieve sustainable development within the innovative economy through optimized transaction costs. This algorithm has been tested in the ENSONS company, serving as a testing ground for the research. The authors’ developments allow firms to combine information from various actors on the platform in order to comprehend complex interdependencies between participants, identify potential areas for cost reduction and efficiency improvement through coordinated service exchange.

The article contributes to the research problems of introducing digital technologies in public administration in the conditions of digital transformation. Along with the advantages of using modern technologies there are new risks associated with the organization of the process and the possibility of losing control over it, the excess of costs for the introduction of digital technologies over the capabilities of the state or over the potential benefits of the new system, the risks of cyberattacks or the emergence of new conflicts in the law, creating an increased probability of committing a crime. The purpose of the article is to summarize the foreign experience of formation of Smart Government, the problems of introduction of digital technologies in public administration, formation of Smart Government and identification of possible ways to solve these problems. The research methodology is represented by an interpretative literature review, methods of analysis, systematization and classification in the selection of provisions related to the problems of implementation of digital technologies in public administration and formation of Smart Government from scientific sources. Based on a comprehensive analysis of scientific approaches to the application of digital technologies in public administration, the features of foreign practice of digital technology application in public administration and the formation of Smart Government are identified, problems and recommendations for their elimination are determined.

Even large industrial enterprises do not have sufficient potential to implement large-scale innovation projects, which would allow, on the one hand, to ensure the high-tech products production and, on the other hand, to overcome the consequences of sanctions pressure. One of the possible ways to solve this problem is scientific-industrial integration, the end result of which in the Republic of Belarus can be an effectively functioning scientific-industrial complex. The aim of the study is to identify and evaluate methodological approaches to the institutional transformations for the formation and development of scientific-industrial complex. This article provides a description of the scientific-industrial integration theory and methodology, including: periodization and classification of scientific-industrial integration; comparative analysis of approaches to the scientific-industrial integration management; a set of economic relations, processes and phenomena that underlie scientific-industrial integration. On the basis of analyzing the foreign countries experience, the conclusion is made about the regulation of integration processes by the models and institutional environment of the country’s development. The unique role of the state in scientific-industrial integration of the Republic of Belarus is studied. The study of the concept and theory, which can be put at the basis of scientific-industrial complex, allowed to identify the criteria, prerequisites and principles of its formation.

The article examines, from a historically foreseeable perspective, the technological methods of cutting and metal-cutting machines based on available literature. It summarizes and systematizes the directions and achievements of scientific research on cutting theory, as well as the creation of machine tools and their level of perfection. The goal of the study is to demonstrate, through the evidence from metal cutting machines, the significance and effectiveness of changes in economic development in relation to the technological mode. Using systems analysis, the level of development can be assessed based on the normative value of resource efficiency, which measures how well technology indicators are achieved through the design of machines and technological equipment. Factors that influence the formation of these indicators depend on technical and technological conditions and aim to achieve maximum values based on the technological capabilities for their implementation in industry and economy.