This article examines aspects of the formation and implementation of the scientific and technological policy of the Union State of Russia and Belarus. The purpose of the study is to define a strategy for the scientific and technological development of the Union State in a substantive, phased manner and by sector, with a common goal of expanding cooperation and integration of efforts to achieve the technological sovereignty of the Union state based on a sound scientific and technological development strategy. The research methodology utilizes modern approaches to managing scientific and technological development based on the theory of technological paradigms. The research information base consists of regulatory acts for the development of the Union State, and scientific and technological projects and programs with sectoral localization. The result of the work carried out using the designated methodology is a description of the methods for implementing the strategy for scientific and technological development of the Union State, which is currently adopted, and allows for detailed decisions on individual advanced or significant sectors of the economies of Russia and Belarus. Taken together, these proposals will not only ensure progress in technological sovereignty but also lay the foundation for a new quality of economic growth, based on new fundamental scientific results, emerging technologies, and successful innovations, assuming the integration of these components. This is a key link in addressing the development of the Union State – the comprehensive integration and cooperation of efforts in science, technology, and production. Implementing this strategy requires activating three elements: venture financing for innovation, subsidies for R&D within scientific and technical programs, and low-interest loans from banks and development institutions.

Relations between mathematics and economics as closely interrelated fields of knowledge have been examined in the paper. Despite the centuries of extended debates over this issue the necessity to reconsider requirements for collaboration between mathematics and economics has appeared in today’s rapidly accelerating scientific and technological progress, turbulent economic environment, development of new means of communication, analytics, and decision-making. The general and distinctive features of these disciplines have been explored, and the structural and functional prerequisites and goals for their coordinated and synchronized development have been identified. The results are applied to the processes of economic-mathematical and computer modeling, including construction, analysis and interpretation of models. The principles of evidence-based modeling, which are of a special attention to all stages of modeling, have been emphasized. The feasibility of using the Möbius strip as a space for the coevolutionary development of mathematics and economics is demonstrated. The goals and the objectives of this study are to define principles and methods for organizing effective and reliable interaction between mathematics and economics, both at the macro-scale of disciplinary and interdisciplinary development and at the micro-scale of developing specific economic-mathematical models. Systems analysis of the fundamental, natural and social sciences and humanities is used as a methodological basis. The requirements for the mathematization of economics and the economization of mathematics as perspective areas of interaction between the disciplines have been substantiated and structured.

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need to take into account the specifics of the stages of radical renewal of the technological base of the economy when forecasting the processes of scientific and technological development, while identifying scientific tasks relevant to business. The research methodology is based on the theory of general-purpose technologies, on the basis of which the corresponding technological aggregates (technological structures) are formed. The complex nature of the interrelationships between industries implementing already mastered and new technologies of wide application is shown. The available approaches to the study of the structural dynamics of the economy are presented, taking into account the identification of existing technological structures in it. In the article, the search for patterns of widespread technology dissemination is based on an analysis of the experience of using microelectronic technologies in a number of sectors of the US economy. The parameters of the spread of these technologies, which served as the basis for the formation of the fifth technological order, indicate both their active participation in the formation of the next technological order, and the varying degrees of involvement of existing industries in this process. It is shown that non-monotonous structural changes are observed not only in the real sector of the economy, but also in the field of research and development. The US experience suggests that the stage of intensive introduction of current long-wave technologies into the economy is accompanied by increasing business activity in the field of fundamental and applied research. After saturation of production with these technologies, the scientific interests of business shift towards improving innovations. The exhaustion of their potential encourages businesses to re-increase their involvement in fundamental research. Such research provides businesses with the groundwork to stay ahead of competitors in the formation and development of new markets. The state scientific and technical policy should take into account the specific properties of individual phases of the technological revolution. 

The paper considers a relatively new scientific direction “economics of technology”, which is part of a broader direction “economics of scientific and technological progress”, and studies the patterns of emergence, implementation, operation, withdrawal and competition of technologies, processes of technological substitution and addition, development of technologies. The purpose of the study is to determine the main principles of development of the scientific direction “economics of technology” and technological development itself, as well as the application of the author’s doctrine of “two potentials” in the framework of quantitative assessment of technological potential for making a technological choice. The methodology is the theory of technological development, “economics of technology”, the doctrine of “two potentials” – current and prospective. The result of the work is a set of principles of technological development and “economics of technology” as a research direction, as well as an approach to assessing technological potential and a methodology for choosing a technological solution when replacing imported or obsolete technology. It allows you to give a qualitative assessment of the existing set of basic technologies within a specific technological direction, type of activity or even an industry. Of course, it is necessary to take into account the fact that even one imported element within a technology can restrain its development and ensure a fairly high dependence on external technical solutions, as well as prevent it from being given the status of a completely domestic technology. In this regard, a qualitative assessment of the content of the technology, its additional characteristics is needed to ensure the adequacy of the technological choice. The tools created within the framework of this article significantly advance the development of the “economics of technology” as a scientific direction at the theoretical and methodological-measurement level of analysis. A methodology for comparative assessment of technologies in the field of microelectronics is shown, demonstrating the options for choosing in a situation of substituting imported and abandoning obsolete technology in favor of a new domestic technology. 

This article examines the development and maintenance of the required level of automation in both mechanical engineering production and the functional systems that comprise them, using the methodology of technology economics. The article analyzes the evolution of automation levels within the paradigm of technological paradigms and industrial revolutions. The purpose of this study is to methodologically examine and substantiate methods for increasing the efficiency and level of automation of technological equipment, processes, production facilities, and enterprises. The methodology for studying technologies and production facilities as an energy information system of transformations makes it possible to substantiate the forms and types of automation in mechanical engineering at the technical and economic level of their structure and interaction types. The article analyzes the content and essence of automation level indicators and assessment methods, and presents and substantiates proposals for a methodology for studying automation efficiency trends. Examples of the relationships between quantitative assessments and the effects of productivity changes and automation significance levels for a new type of technology and changes in process time components are substantiated and provided. 

In the context of the accelerating digital transformation of the manufacturing sector of the Russian economy, a methodological gap persists in understanding the impact of digitalization on the performance efficiency of enterprises and business ecosystems. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodological framework for the integrated assessment of digitalization efficiency (the diffusion and application of digital technologies) within the core of an industrial ecosystem by accounting for the combined economic, operational, technical, social, and market effects. The methodological foundation of the research is based on the principles of the systems and process approaches, the concepts of enterprise digital maturity and managed business ecosystems, as well as the principles of lean production and digital management. The methodological framework includes a quantitative tool developed by the authors – an integral digitalization efficiency index (IIE), constructed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), normalization procedures, and weighted additive aggregation. The empirical basis of the study is represented by a case study of a B2B engineering (machine-building) enterprise. The results demonstrate a stable growth of the integral index, indicating a systemic effect of digitalization and the company’s transition from localized improvements to a mature phase of a digital ecosystem. In future research, the integrated approach may be further developed toward greater accuracy and practical applicability, enabling the transformation of the index from an analytical indicator into a sustainable managerial decision-making tool under conditions of a changing external environment. At the same time, a key limitation of the methodology is identified: the growth of the integral digitalization index should be interpreted as the result of a comprehensive transformation of enterprise activities, within which digitalization represents a significant, but not the sole, factor influencing the observed effects. 

The relevance of the research is due to the recently adopted series of institutional documents at the state level providing for the digitalization of the Russian national economy, and the lack of a scientific and methodological framework for describing the dynamics of digital technologies, which in these institutional documents are given a priority role in achieving the national goal of technological leadership in Russia. The purpose of the research is to create a special scientific and methodological apparatus for describing the dynamics of digital technology development, relevant to economics and its field of technology economics. The methods of the theory of sustainable economic and industrial development, probability theory and mathematical statistics, methods of system analysis, and differential calculus are used. As a result of the research, a new scientific and methodological framework is proposed that is adequate to the economic content of the processes of digital technology development dynamics caused by the movement of digital technologies at increasing levels of their readiness (maturity). It is shown that the dynamics of digital technology development has two independent components, namely: translational and probabilistic. The progressive part of the development of digital technologies describes the reduction in labor and capital costs resulting from an increase in the availability of each technology. The probabilistic part of the development of digital technologies reflects random delays in the development process, depending on external conditions. The combined consideration of the impact of both components of the development of digital technologies contributes to improving the organizational and economic manageability of technological innovation development processes and improving the economic and mathematical tools for forecasting scientific and technological progress. 

The article criticizes established diffusion models (Fisher-Pry, Bass, etc.) that view technological substitution as a zero-sum game and ignore the possibility of technological co-evolution. In an environment where old and new technologies coexist for extended periods, a more flexible analytical tool is required, making this a relevant approach for studying the development of innovative technologies. The paper’s objective is to propose a new, more nuanced model of innovation diffusion that challenges the paradigm of pure competition. The author introduces the concepts of “symbiotic” and “predator-prey” competition to describe the dynamics of coexistence between new and established technologies, based on the Lotka-Volterra model. This model facilitates the analysis of product generation evolution, fostering systemic strategic thinking that helps avoid excessive investment in declining businesses and identify new growth opportunities. The main conclusion of the research is that the proposed approach is particularly crucial for analyzing “breakthrough” innovations in the digital era, where product and market boundaries are blurred (e. g., the transition from physical media to streaming), and technological interaction is especially complex and dynamic. The proposed conceptual framework also allows for analyzing the specifics of technological substitution and coevolution in the context of dynamically developing markets, including the Russian market, where the coexistence of legacy and new technological solutions is of particular importance. 

Relevance. Today, the government is making significant efforts for implementation of the national project “Data Economics and Digital Transformation of the State”, which will create an advanced technological infrastructure for real-time processing of management information in unprecedented volumes. A dialectical view of the processes of shaping an economic environment saturated with data allows us to consider a number of challenges that require scientific understanding. The key one is the need to distinguish between data with the management value and disparate information arrays. At a fundamental level, this problem was foreseen by the founders of cybernetics, developing the “weak signal–noise” dichotomy, where weak signals can be considered as proto-data. A weak signal is an inconspicuous, not yet classified, but potentially critical for decision–making, sign of changes in the internal and external environment that eludes standard perception and analysis procedures. Technology of management by weak signals issues have been the subject of research not only in cybernetics, but also in information theory and strategic management, but the task of developing a unified applied management methodology has not yet been solved. The purpose of this study is the bibliometric systematization of approaches to the technology of weak signal management, followed by the synthesis of a verifiable ontological model of the concept. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the reconstruction of a transdisciplinary ontological structure of the weak signal as a managerial category that integrates cybernetic, informational, and strategic foundations. To achieve this goal, two key tasks were solved: defining a semantic field that localizes the concept of a weak signal in an interdisciplinary space, and transdisciplinary ontological mapping of such technology. Bibliometric statistical tools, semantic coding and mapping are used. The methodological basis of the study is the combination of bibliometric analysis, semantic normalization, and ontological modeling. The research corpus includes 210 publications selected for the period 1996–2023 based on a continuous sample from international scientific citation databases. Verification of the concept of weak signals was carried out on two cases. The results of the study include: the construction of a semantic map of the “weak signal” concept; the identification of stable clusters of scientific discourse and their comparative characterization; and the development of an ontological model of the technology of management by weak signals. The authors have created methodological foundations for the further development of the concept of management by weak signals and its application in the governance of complex organizational systems in data economy.